Ceftobiprole is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin with potent activity against staphylococci, including those resistant to oxacillin, as well as against most Gram-negative bacilli including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, the in vitro activity of ceftobiprole and comparator agents was tested against bacterial isolates recently collected from Brazilian private hospitals. A total of 336 unique bacterial isolates were collected from hospitalized patients between February 2008 and August 2009. Each hospital was asked to submit 100 single bacterial isolates responsible for causing blood, lower respiratory tract or skin and soft tissue infections. Bacterial identification was confirmed and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using CLSI microdilution method at a central laboratory. The CLSI M100-S21 (2011) was used for interpretation of the antimicrobial susceptibility results. Among the 336 pathogens collected, 255 (75.9%) were Gram-negative bacilli and 81 (24.1%) were Gram-positive cocci. Although ceftobiprole MIC50 values for oxacillin resistant strains were two-fold higher than for methicillin susceptible S. aureus, ceftobiprole inhibited 100% of tested S. aureus at MICs < 4 µg/mL. Polymyxin B was the only agent to show potent activity against Acinetobacter spp. (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 µg/mL), and P. aeruginosa (MIC50/90, 1/2 µg/mL). Resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins varied from 55.3-68.5% and 14.3-28.5% among E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates, respectively; with ceftobiprole MIC50 > 6 µg/mL for both species. Our results showed that ceftobiprole has potent activity against staphylococci and E. faecalis, which was superior to that of vancomycin. Our data also indicates that ceftobiprole demonstrated potency comparable to that of cefepime and ceftazidime against key Gram-negative species.

A criptosporidíase de 25 pacientes adultos, com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS) foi tratada por meio da paromomicina, sendo administrados, por via oral, 500mg quatro vezes ao dia, durante duas semanas. Houve boa resposta clínica, representada por redução considerável ou cessação da diarréia em 19 (76%), tendo a tolerância sido satisfatória. Somente em um (4%) doente ocorreram tonturas e, em outro (4%), surgiram náuseas e vômitos, possivelmente devido à medicação. Controle parasitológico de cura teve lugar em 20, verificando-se na maioria deles (75%) persistência do agente causal. Apesar do freqüente insucesso quanto à eliminação do parasita, a melhoria obtida na maioria das vezes e a apreciável tolerância ao medicamento, tornam a paromomicina opção muito útil na terapêutica da infecção intestinal causada pelo Cryptosporidium sp nos indivíduos com AIDS.

The authors treated with paromomycin 25 patients, with AIDS and cryptosporidiasis. The drug was given orally in a doses of 500mg qid, for a period of 14 days. Tolerance was good, with just two cases of mild side-effects. Clinical improvement was obtained in 19 (76%) patients. Parasitological cure, however, occurred only in a low percentage (25%). In some cases where initial success was observed, recrudescence occurred after some weeks or few months, but with retreatment again clinical improvement was obtained. Even if it does not lead to frequent parasite eradication, the good clinical results and tolerance permit us to consider paromomycin one of the few drugs effective for the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea in AIDS patients. Studies with maintainance therapy are indicated.